Babad Bhuwana Winasa: The Turmoil and Decline of Bali's Kingdoms
Babad Bhuwana Winasa is a babad manuscript numbered Va. 1565/4, originating from Munggu Village, Denpasar, written in Middle Old Javanese using the Balinese script, and consisting of 16 lontar leaves. The manuscript recounts historical events in the form of a kidung composed in Middle Old Javanese and performed in the Sekar Alit poetic tradition, describing the beginning of the decline of Bali's kingdoms in Saka 1840. The story begins with the King of Gianyar, Anak Agung Manggis, and his renowned attendant, I Made Pasek, and continues with the meeting of the rulers of Gianyar, Menguwi, and Badung with the Dalem in Klungkung to discuss their conflict with Apuan under I Gede Gejen, which ultimately resulted in Apuan's defeat. The chronicle then describes a series of conflicts across Bali, including unrest in Jembrana and Bongkasa, Badung's conflict with Menguwi, Karangasem and Singaraja against Payangan, and Sayan against Buduk, as well as the Tawan Karang incident in Sanur, which became a pretext for the Dutch attack on Badung. The story continues with the Puputan Badung and the involvement of Sanur, Intaran, Tanjung Bungkak, Kesiman, and the people of Badung as a whole. Ultimately, the widespread turmoil led to the kingdoms' authority being taken over by the Dutch, while the rulers remained traditionally sovereign but were legally placed under Dutch authority. The chronicle concludes with Buleleng's defeat in the Jagaraga War in 1849, the defeat of Badung in 1906, and the Dutch takeover of the Kingdom of Klungkung in 1908.
